using System.IO;
using System.Text;

namespace System.Security.Cryptography
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Provides cryptographic functions ready-to-use.
	/// </summary>
	public class CryptographyHelper
	{
		private static int saltLength = 8;

		private readonly string masterKeyFile;

		/// <summary>
		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="CryptographyHelper"/> class.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="keyFile">The (absolute) path to the crypto key file. On <c>null</c> the file 'crypto.key' at the executing assembly location will be used.</param>
		public CryptographyHelper(string keyFile = null)
		{
			masterKeyFile = keyFile;

			if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(masterKeyFile))
				masterKeyFile = "crypto.key";

			if (!Path.IsPathRooted(masterKeyFile))
				masterKeyFile = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, masterKeyFile);

			string pw = File.Exists(masterKeyFile) ? File.ReadAllText(masterKeyFile) : null;
			if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(pw))
				File.WriteAllText(masterKeyFile, GetRandomString(64));
		}

		#region Instance methods

		#region AES

		/// <summary>
		/// Decrypts data using the AES algorithm and a password.
		/// </summary>
		/// <remarks>
		/// When the <paramref name="password"/> parameter is <c>null</c>, the key from the file (set on initialize) is used instead.
		/// </remarks>
		/// <param name="cipher">The encrypted data (cipher).</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for decryption (optional).</param>
		/// <returns>The decrypted data.</returns>
		public byte[] DecryptAes(byte[] cipher, string password = null)
		{
			if (password == null)
				password = File.ReadAllText(masterKeyFile);

			return AesDecrypt(cipher, password);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Encrypts data using the AES algorithm and a password.
		/// </summary>
		/// <remarks>
		/// When the <paramref name="password"/> parameter is <c>null</c>, the key from the file (set on initialize) is used instead.
		/// </remarks>
		/// <param name="plain">The data to encrypt.</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for encryption (optional).</param>
		/// <returns>The encrypted data (cipher).</returns>
		public byte[] EncryptAes(byte[] plain, string password = null)
		{
			if (password == null)
				password = File.ReadAllText(masterKeyFile);

			return AesEncrypt(plain, password);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Decrypts a Base64 string using the AES algorithm and a password to an UTF-8 string.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="cipherStr">The encrypted Base64 encoded string.</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for decryption (optional).</param>
		/// <returns>The decrypted UTF-8 string string.</returns>
		public string DecryptAes(string cipherStr, string password = null)
		{
			byte[] cipher = Convert.FromBase64String(cipherStr);
			byte[] plain = DecryptAes(cipher, password);
			return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(plain);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Encrypts an UTF-8 string using the AES algorithm and a password to a Base64 string.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="plainStr">The UTF-8 string to encrypt.</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for encryption (optional).</param>
		/// <returns>The encrypted Base64 encoded string.</returns>
		public string EncryptAes(string plainStr, string password = null)
		{
			byte[] plain = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(plainStr);
			byte[] cipher = EncryptAes(plain, password);
			return Convert.ToBase64String(cipher);
		}

		#endregion AES

		#region Triple DES

		/// <summary>
		/// Decrypts data using the triple DES algorithm and a password.
		/// </summary>
		/// <remarks>
		/// When the <paramref name="password"/> parameter is <c>null</c>, the key from the file (set on initialize) is used instead.
		/// </remarks>
		/// <param name="cipher">The encrypted data (cipher).</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for decryption (optional).</param>
		/// <returns>The decrypted data.</returns>
		public byte[] DecryptTripleDes(byte[] cipher, string password = null)
		{
			if (password == null)
				password = File.ReadAllText(masterKeyFile);

			return TripleDesDecrypt(cipher, password);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Encrypts data using the triple DES algorithm and a password.
		/// </summary>
		/// <remarks>
		/// When the <paramref name="password"/> parameter is <c>null</c>, the key from the file (set on initialize) is used instead.
		/// </remarks>
		/// <param name="plain">The data to encrypt.</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for encryption (optional).</param>
		/// <returns>The encrypted data (cipher).</returns>
		public byte[] EncryptTripleDes(byte[] plain, string password = null)
		{
			if (password == null)
				password = File.ReadAllText(masterKeyFile);

			return TripleDesEncrypt(plain, password);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Decrypts a Base64 encoded string using the triple DES algorithm and a password.
		/// </summary>
		/// <remarks>
		/// When the <paramref name="password"/> parameter is <c>null</c>, the key from the file (set on initialize) is used instead.
		/// </remarks>
		/// <param name="cipherStr">The encrypted Base64 encoded string.</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for decryption (optional).</param>
		/// <returns>The decrypted UTF-8 string.</returns>
		public string DecryptTripleDes(string cipherStr, string password = null)
		{
			byte[] cipher = Convert.FromBase64String(cipherStr);
			byte[] plain = DecryptTripleDes(cipher, password);
			return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(plain);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Encrypts an UTF-8 string using the triple DES algorithm and a password.
		/// </summary>
		/// <remarks>
		/// When the <paramref name="password"/> parameter is <c>null</c>, the key from the file (set on initialize) is used instead.
		/// </remarks>
		/// <param name="plainStr">The UTF-8 string to encrypt.</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for encryption (optional).</param>
		/// <returns>The encrypted Base64 encoded string.</returns>
		public string EncryptTripleDes(string plainStr, string password = null)
		{
			byte[] plain = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(plainStr);
			byte[] cipher = EncryptTripleDes(plain, password);
			return Convert.ToBase64String(cipher);
		}

		#endregion Triple DES

		#endregion Instance methods

		#region Static methods

		#region Encryption

		#region AES

		/// <summary>
		/// Decrypts data using the AES algorithm and a password.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="cipher">The encrypted data (cipher).</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for decryption.</param>
		/// <returns>The decrypted data.</returns>
		public static byte[] AesDecrypt(byte[] cipher, string password)
		{
			byte[] salt = new byte[saltLength];
			Array.Copy(cipher, salt, saltLength);

			using var gen = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt);
			using var aes = Aes.Create();

			aes.Mode = CipherMode.CBC;
			aes.Padding = PaddingMode.PKCS7;
			aes.Key = gen.GetBytes(aes.KeySize / 8);
			aes.IV = gen.GetBytes(aes.BlockSize / 8);

			using var ms = new MemoryStream();
			using var cs = new CryptoStream(ms, aes.CreateDecryptor(), CryptoStreamMode.Write);

			cs.Write(cipher, saltLength, cipher.Length - saltLength);
			cs.FlushFinalBlock();

			return ms.ToArray();
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Decrypts a Base64 string using the AES algorithm and a password to an UTF-8 string.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="cipherStr">The encrypted Base64 encoded string.</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for decryption.</param>
		/// <returns>The decrypted UTF-8 string string.</returns>
		public static string AesDecrypt(string cipherStr, string password)
		{
			byte[] cipher = Convert.FromBase64String(cipherStr);
			byte[] plain = AesDecrypt(cipher, password);
			return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(plain);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Encrypts data using the AES algorithm and a password.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="plain">The data to encrypt.</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for encryption.</param>
		/// <returns>The encrypted data (cipher).</returns>
		public static byte[] AesEncrypt(byte[] plain, string password)
		{
			byte[] salt = GetRandomBytes(saltLength);

			using var gen = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt);
			using var aes = Aes.Create();

			aes.Mode = CipherMode.CBC;
			aes.Padding = PaddingMode.PKCS7;
			aes.Key = gen.GetBytes(aes.KeySize / 8);
			aes.IV = gen.GetBytes(aes.BlockSize / 8);

			using var ms = new MemoryStream();
			using var cs = new CryptoStream(ms, aes.CreateEncryptor(), CryptoStreamMode.Write);

			ms.Write(salt, 0, salt.Length);
			cs.Write(plain, 0, plain.Length);
			cs.FlushFinalBlock();

			return ms.ToArray();
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Encrypts an UTF-8 string using the AES algorithm and a password to a Base64 string.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="plainStr">The UTF-8 string to encrypt.</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for encryption.</param>
		/// <returns>The encrypted Base64 encoded string.</returns>
		public static string AesEncrypt(string plainStr, string password)
		{
			byte[] plain = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(plainStr);
			byte[] cipher = AesEncrypt(plain, password);
			return Convert.ToBase64String(cipher);
		}

		#endregion AES

		#region Triple DES

		/// <summary>
		/// Decrypts data using the triple DES algorithm and a password.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="cipher">The encrypted data (cipher).</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for decryption.</param>
		/// <returns>The decrypted data.</returns>
		public static byte[] TripleDesDecrypt(byte[] cipher, string password)
		{
			byte[] salt = new byte[saltLength];
			Array.Copy(cipher, salt, saltLength);

			using var gen = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt);
			using var tdes = TripleDES.Create();

			tdes.Mode = CipherMode.CBC;
			tdes.Padding = PaddingMode.PKCS7;
			tdes.Key = gen.GetBytes(tdes.KeySize / 8);
			tdes.IV = gen.GetBytes(tdes.BlockSize / 8);

			using var ms = new MemoryStream();
			using var cs = new CryptoStream(ms, tdes.CreateDecryptor(), CryptoStreamMode.Write);

			cs.Write(cipher, saltLength, cipher.Length - saltLength);
			cs.FlushFinalBlock();

			return ms.ToArray();
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Encrypts data using the triple DES algorithm and a password.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="plain">The data to encrypt.</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for encryption.</param>
		/// <returns>The encrypted data (cipher).</returns>
		public static byte[] TripleDesEncrypt(byte[] plain, string password)
		{
			byte[] salt = GetRandomBytes(saltLength);

			using var gen = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt);
			using var tdes = TripleDES.Create();

			tdes.Mode = CipherMode.CBC;
			tdes.Padding = PaddingMode.PKCS7;
			tdes.Key = gen.GetBytes(tdes.KeySize / 8);
			tdes.IV = gen.GetBytes(tdes.BlockSize / 8);

			using var ms = new MemoryStream();
			using var cs = new CryptoStream(ms, tdes.CreateEncryptor(), CryptoStreamMode.Write);

			ms.Write(salt, 0, salt.Length);
			cs.Write(plain, 0, plain.Length);
			cs.FlushFinalBlock();

			return ms.ToArray();
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Decrypts an Base64 encoded string using the triple DES algorithm and a password.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="cipherStr">The encrypted Base64 encoded string.</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for decryption.</param>
		/// <returns>The decrypted UTF-8 string.</returns>
		public static string TripleDesDecrypt(string cipherStr, string password)
		{
			byte[] cipher = Convert.FromBase64String(cipherStr);
			byte[] plain = TripleDesDecrypt(cipher, password);
			return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(plain);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Encrypts an UTF-8 string using the triple DES algorithm and a password.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="plainStr">The UTF-8 string to encrypt.</param>
		/// <param name="password">The password to use for encryption.</param>
		/// <returns>The encrypted Base64 encoded string.</returns>
		public static string TripleDesEncrypt(string plainStr, string password)
		{
			byte[] plain = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(plainStr);
			byte[] cipher = TripleDesEncrypt(plain, password);
			return Convert.ToBase64String(cipher);
		}

		#endregion Triple DES

		#endregion Encryption

		#region Hashing

		#region MD5

		/// <summary>
		/// Computes a hash value from a string using the MD5 algorithm.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="str">The string to hash, using UTF-8 encoding.</param>
		/// <returns>The MD5 hash value, in hexadecimal notation.</returns>
		public static string Md5(string str)
		{
			return Md5(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(str));
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Computes a hash value from a file using the MD5 algorithm.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="fileName">The name of the file to read.</param>
		/// <returns>The MD5 hash value, in hexadecimal notation.</returns>
		public static string Md5File(string fileName)
		{
			using var md5 = MD5.Create();
			using var fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open);
			return md5.ComputeHash(fs).BytesToHex();
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Computes a hash from a byte array value using the MD5 algorithm.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="bytes">The byte array.</param>
		/// <returns>The MD5 hash value, in hexadecimal notation.</returns>
		public static string Md5(byte[] bytes)
		{
			using var md5 = MD5.Create();
			return md5.ComputeHash(bytes).BytesToHex();
		}

		#endregion MD5

		#region SHA-1

		/// <summary>
		/// Computes a hash value from a string using the SHA-1 algorithm.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="str">The string to hash, using UTF-8 encoding.</param>
		/// <returns>The SHA-1 hash value, in hexadecimal notation.</returns>
		public static string Sha1(string str)
		{
			return Sha1(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(str));
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Computes a hash value from a file using the SHA-1 algorithm.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="fileName">The name of the file to read.</param>
		/// <returns>The SHA-1 hash value, in hexadecimal notation.</returns>
		public static string Sha1File(string fileName)
		{
			using var sha1 = SHA1.Create();
			using var fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open);
			return sha1.ComputeHash(fs).BytesToHex();
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Computes a hash from a byte array value using the SHA-1 algorithm.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="bytes">The byte array.</param>
		/// <returns>The SHA-1 hash value, in hexadecimal notation.</returns>
		public static string Sha1(byte[] bytes)
		{
			using var sha1 = SHA1.Create();
			return sha1.ComputeHash(bytes).BytesToHex();
		}

		#endregion SHA-1

		#region SHA-256

		/// <summary>
		/// Computes a hash value from a string using the SHA-256 algorithm.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="str">The string to hash, using UTF-8 encoding.</param>
		/// <returns>The SHA-256 hash value, in hexadecimal notation.</returns>
		public static string Sha256(string str)
		{
			return Sha256(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(str));
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Computes a hash value from a file using the SHA-256 algorithm.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="fileName">The name of the file to read.</param>
		/// <returns>The SHA-256 hash value, in hexadecimal notation.</returns>
		public static string Sha256File(string fileName)
		{
			using var sha256 = SHA256.Create();
			using var fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open);
			return sha256.ComputeHash(fs).BytesToHex();
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Computes a hash from a byte array value using the SHA-256 algorithm.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="bytes">The byte array.</param>
		/// <returns>The SHA-256 hash value, in hexadecimal notation.</returns>
		public static string Sha256(byte[] bytes)
		{
			using var sha256 = SHA256.Create();
			return sha256.ComputeHash(bytes).BytesToHex();
		}

		#endregion SHA-256

		#region SHA-512

		/// <summary>
		/// Computes a hash value from a string using the SHA-512 algorithm.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="str">The string to hash, using UTF-8 encoding.</param>
		/// <returns>The SHA-512 hash value, in hexadecimal notation.</returns>
		public static string Sha512(string str)
		{
			return Sha512(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(str));
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Computes a hash value from a file using the SHA-512 algorithm.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="fileName">The name of the file to read.</param>
		/// <returns>The SHA-512 hash value, in hexadecimal notation.</returns>
		public static string Sha512File(string fileName)
		{
			using var sha512 = SHA512.Create();
			using var fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open);
			return sha512.ComputeHash(fs).BytesToHex();
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Computes a hash from a byte array value using the SHA-512 algorithm.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="bytes">The byte array.</param>
		/// <returns>The SHA-512 hash value, in hexadecimal notation.</returns>
		public static string Sha512(byte[] bytes)
		{
			using var sha512 = SHA512.Create();
			return sha512.ComputeHash(bytes).BytesToHex();
		}

		#endregion SHA-512

		#endregion Hashing

		#region Random

		/// <summary>
		/// Generates an array with random (non-zero) bytes.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="count">The number of bytes to generate.</param>
		/// <returns></returns>
		public static byte[] GetRandomBytes(int count)
		{
			using var gen = RandomNumberGenerator.Create();
			byte[] bytes = new byte[count];
			gen.GetNonZeroBytes(bytes);

			return bytes;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Generates a string with random characters.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="length">The length of the string to generate.</param>
		/// <param name="pool">The characters to use (Default: [a-zA-Z0-9]).</param>
		/// <returns></returns>
		public static string GetRandomString(int length, string pool = null)
		{
			if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(pool))
				pool = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890";

			var sb = new StringBuilder(length);
			int multiply = sizeof(int) / sizeof(byte);
			int len = length * multiply;
			byte[] bytes = GetRandomBytes(len);
			for (int i = 0; i < bytes.Length; i += multiply)
			{
				uint number = BitConverter.ToUInt32(bytes, i);
				sb.Append(pool[(int)(number % pool.Length)]);
			}
			return sb.ToString();
		}

		#endregion Random

		#region Secure probing

		/// <summary>
		/// Determines whether two byte arrays are equal in constant time. This method does not stop
		/// early if a difference was detected, unless the length differs.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="a">The first array.</param>
		/// <param name="b">The second array.</param>
		/// <returns>true, if both arrays are equal; otherwise, false.</returns>
		public static bool SecureEquals(byte[] a, byte[] b)
		{
			if ((a == null) != (b == null))
				return false;
			if (a.Length != b.Length)
				return false;

			int differentBits = 0;
			for (int i = 0; i < a.Length; i++)
			{
				differentBits |= a[i] ^ b[i];
			}
			return differentBits == 0;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Determines whether two strings are equal in constant time. This method does not stop
		/// early if a difference was detected, unless the length differs.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="a">The first string.</param>
		/// <param name="b">The second string.</param>
		/// <returns>true, if both strings are equal; otherwise, false.</returns>
		public static bool SecureEquals(string a, string b)
		{
			if ((a == null) != (b == null))
				return false;
			if (a.Length != b.Length)
				return false;

			int differentBits = 0;
			for (int i = 0; i < a.Length; i++)
			{
				differentBits |= a[i] ^ b[i];
			}
			return differentBits == 0;
		}

		#endregion Secure probing

		#endregion Static methods
	}
}